About 300,000 years ago, Neanderthals are believed to have split from the ancestral human lineage. It was not until more than 100,000 years later that anatomically modern humans appear in the fossil record. The latest theory claims the humble rabbit helped kill off the Neanderthals. Experts have long thought that the demise of the Neanderthal was down to food.
Now a new theory claims that it was their inability to adapt to hunting small animals, such as rabbits,that was the final nail in their coffin, as the population of larger animals hunted for food dwindled. Hammer cautions against popular concepts of 'Mitochondrial Eve' or 'Y chromosome Adam' that suggest all of humankind descended from exactly one pair of humans that lived at a certain point in human evolution. 'There has been too much emphasis on this in the past,' he said. 'It is a misconception that the genealogy of a single genetic region reflects population divergence.
Instead, our results suggest that there are pockets of genetically isolated communities that together preserve a great deal of human diversity. 'Still, Hammer said: 'It is likely that other divergent lineages will be found, whether in Africa or among African Americans in the U.S. and that some of these may further increase the age of the Y chromosome tree. 'There has been a lot of hype with people trying to trace their Y chromosome to different tribes, but this individual from South Carolina can say he did it.' When none of the genetic markers used to assign lineages to known Y chromosome groupings was found, the DNA sample was sent to Family Tree DNA for sequencing. Fernando Mendez, a postdoctoral researcher in Hammer's lab, led the effort to analyse the DNA sequence, which included more than 240,000 base pairs of the Y chromosome. The Y chromosome is
larger defines the male social parameter as X chromosome (left) and the
much smaller Y chromosome determines male sex as there needs to be much more studies
besides procreation, children in matriarchal or patriarchal circles.
Proves last common Y chromosome ancestor lived 338,000
years ago, even though oldest fossil of modern man is only 200,000 years old. As DNA test on an American hoping to trace his family tree has come up with a stunning result - the roots of the human tree date back much further than previously thought.
Researchers were shocked when they analysed the DNA of Albert Perry, a recently deceased African-American from South Carolina.'This lineage diverged from previously known Y chromosomes about 338,000 years ago, a time when anatomically modern humans had not yet evolved,' said Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona. The team found a similar chromosome in the Mbo, a population living in a tiny area of western Cameroon in sub-Saharan Africa Hammer said.
'The most striking feature of this research is that a consumer genetic testing company identified a lineage that didn't fit anywhere on the existing Y chromosome tree, even though the tree had been constructed based on perhaps a half-million individuals or more. 'Nobody expected to find anything like this.' About 300,000 years ago Neanderthals are believed to have split from the ancestral human lineage. It was not until more than 100,000 years later that anatomically modern humans appear in the fossil record. They differ from the more archaic forms by a more lightly built skeleton, a smaller face tucked under a high forehead, the absence of a cranial ridge and smaller chins. Hammer said the newly discovered Y chromosome variation is extremely rare. Through large database searches, his team eventually was able to find a similar chromosome in the Mbo, a population living in a tiny area of western Cameroon in sub-Saharan Africa. 'This was surprising because previously the most diverged branches of the Y chromosome were found in traditional hunter-gatherer populations such as Pygmies and the click-speaking KhoeSan, who are considered to be the most diverged human populations living today 'Instead.
DNA traced Homo Sapien there gene as Humans as we know may have evolved in Mbo this is an area where a population are living, its in a tiny area of western Cameroon so, is
this what killed the Neanderthals? Researchers believe an inability to hunt small animals like rabbits led to their demise. The sample matched the Y chromosome DNA of 11 men, who all came from a very small region of western Cameroon,' Hammer said. the sequences of those individuals are variable, so it's not like they all descended from the same grandfather.
'Unlike the other human chromosomes, the majority of the Y chromosome does not exchange genetic material with other chromosomes, which makes it simpler to trace ancestral relationships among contemporary lineages. If two Y chromosomes carry the same mutation, it is because they share a common paternal ancestor at some point in the past. The more mutations that differ between two Y chromosomes the farther back in time the common ancestor lived.
'This pushes back the time the last common Y chromosome ancestor lived by almost 70 percent.' This time predates the age of the oldest known anatomically modern human fossils. The fossil record dates back about 200,000 years, said Hammer. Either interbreeding with Neanderthals or other populations led to the unusual genetic makeup, he said, or humans evolved far earlier than the extant fossil record suggests.The new divergent lineage - which was found when Mr Perry contacted Family Tree DNA, a company specialising in DNA analysis to trace family roots - branched from the Y chromosome tree before the first appearance of anatomically modern humans in the fossil record. Unlike the other human chromosomes, the majority of the Y chromosome does not exchange genetic material with other chromosomes, which makes it simpler to trace ancestral relationships among contemporary lineages. If two Y chromosomes carry the same mutation, it is because they share a common paternal ancestor at some point in the past. The more mutations that differ between two Y chromosomes the farther back in time the common ancestor lived. The results are published in the American Journal of Human Genetics. Originally, Mr Perry's DNA sample was submitted to the National Geographic Geno graphic Project.
Now a new theory claims that it was their inability to adapt to hunting small animals, such as rabbits,that was the final nail in their coffin, as the population of larger animals hunted for food dwindled. Hammer cautions against popular concepts of 'Mitochondrial Eve' or 'Y chromosome Adam' that suggest all of humankind descended from exactly one pair of humans that lived at a certain point in human evolution. 'There has been too much emphasis on this in the past,' he said. 'It is a misconception that the genealogy of a single genetic region reflects population divergence. 
Instead, our results suggest that there are pockets of genetically isolated communities that together preserve a great deal of human diversity. 'Still, Hammer said: 'It is likely that other divergent lineages will be found, whether in Africa or among African Americans in the U.S. and that some of these may further increase the age of the Y chromosome tree. 'There has been a lot of hype with people trying to trace their Y chromosome to different tribes, but this individual from South Carolina can say he did it.' When none of the genetic markers used to assign lineages to known Y chromosome groupings was found, the DNA sample was sent to Family Tree DNA for sequencing. Fernando Mendez, a postdoctoral researcher in Hammer's lab, led the effort to analyse the DNA sequence, which included more than 240,000 base pairs of the Y chromosome. The Y chromosome is
larger defines the male social parameter as X chromosome (left) and the
much smaller Y chromosome determines male sex as there needs to be much more studies
besides procreation, children in matriarchal or patriarchal circles.
Researchers were shocked when they analysed the DNA of Albert Perry, a recently deceased African-American from South Carolina.'This lineage diverged from previously known Y chromosomes about 338,000 years ago, a time when anatomically modern humans had not yet evolved,' said Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona. The team found a similar chromosome in the Mbo, a population living in a tiny area of western Cameroon in sub-Saharan Africa Hammer said. 
'The most striking feature of this research is that a consumer genetic testing company identified a lineage that didn't fit anywhere on the existing Y chromosome tree, even though the tree had been constructed based on perhaps a half-million individuals or more. 'Nobody expected to find anything like this.' About 300,000 years ago Neanderthals are believed to have split from the ancestral human lineage. It was not until more than 100,000 years later that anatomically modern humans appear in the fossil record. They differ from the more archaic forms by a more lightly built skeleton, a smaller face tucked under a high forehead, the absence of a cranial ridge and smaller chins. Hammer said the newly discovered Y chromosome variation is extremely rare. Through large database searches, his team eventually was able to find a similar chromosome in the Mbo, a population living in a tiny area of western Cameroon in sub-Saharan Africa. 'This was surprising because previously the most diverged branches of the Y chromosome were found in traditional hunter-gatherer populations such as Pygmies and the click-speaking KhoeSan, who are considered to be the most diverged human populations living today 'Instead.
'This pushes back the time the last common Y chromosome ancestor lived by almost 70 percent.' This time predates the age of the oldest known anatomically modern human fossils. The fossil record dates back about 200,000 years, said Hammer. Either interbreeding with Neanderthals or other populations led to the unusual genetic makeup, he said, or humans evolved far earlier than the extant fossil record suggests.The new divergent lineage - which was found when Mr Perry contacted Family Tree DNA, a company specialising in DNA analysis to trace family roots - branched from the Y chromosome tree before the first appearance of anatomically modern humans in the fossil record. Unlike the other human chromosomes, the majority of the Y chromosome does not exchange genetic material with other chromosomes, which makes it simpler to trace ancestral relationships among contemporary lineages. If two Y chromosomes carry the same mutation, it is because they share a common paternal ancestor at some point in the past. The more mutations that differ between two Y chromosomes the farther back in time the common ancestor lived. The results are published in the American Journal of Human Genetics. Originally, Mr Perry's DNA sample was submitted to the National Geographic Geno graphic Project.
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