Lost cities on Earth.

As Archaeologists have discovered multiple world heritage sites, that were previously undocumented. These include the medieval cities not far from the ancient temples of Angkor Wat. In Cambodia it has been groundbreaking for historians as these new discoveries promise to upend key assumptions about south-east Asia’s history. As Dr Evans, whose published his findings, these will be published in the Journal of Archaeological Science 2016. As he announce that cutting-edge science will be used, this will bring airborne laser scanning techniques. He revealed multiple cities have been discovered between 900 and 1,400 years old, beneath the tropical forest floor, some of Cambodia’s capitals cities similar to Phnom Penh. Some experts believe that the analysed data – captured in 2015 is the most extensive undertaken ever done to date on this region. This is by an 734 sq covering shows that the colossal, densely populated cities would have constituted the largest empire on earth by populations in and around at the time, of its peak in the 12th century. 

Evans said: “We discovered beneath the forest, that no one knew they were there. included was the survey of the ancient temples of Angkor Wat, Kompong this uncovered only a part of Mahendraparvata on Phnom Kulen in the 2012 survey. As this time we got the whole deal and it’s was big, the size of Phnom Penh its really that big.” As Laser technology reveals lost city around Angkor Wat. A research fellow at Française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO) and the architect of the Cambodian Archaeological Lidar Initiative (Cali), Evans will speak at the Royal Geographic Society in London about the findings on Monday 13-6-16. Evans obtained European Research Council (ERC) funding for the project. Its based on the success of his first lidar search (light detection and ranging) survey in Cambodia in 2012. That uncovered a complex map network. Its connecting medieval temple-cities, such as being Mealea and Koh Ker, to Angkor, and its confirmed what they suspected, that there was a city beneath 'Mount Kulen'. It was not until the results of the significantly larger 2015 survey were analysed that the apparent. Mountain city allocator has uncovered and this survey including discoveries of systems that were built hundreds of years ago.

As historians debate like never before over the had findings. The ancient temples of Angkor Wat, existed. These challenge the theories on how the Khmer empire had dominated and developed. It yet went into declined around the 15th century and there with its climate management in that process? Coverage of the capitals also provides some fascinating new insights on the ‘collapse’of Angkor,” Evans said. “There’s an idea that somehow that back then. The invasion happened and everyone fled down south – that didn’t happen, there are no cities down south as revealed by the aerial survey, that they ever fled to. It calls into question the whole notion of an Angkorian civilisation collapse which maybe linked to desease” These temples at Angkor are across the UNESCO-protected regions that has become an archaeological park, these are the country’s top tourist destinations. As with the main temple-Angkor Wat, Cambodian national ancient temples of Angkor Wat, is the most extensive urban find since industrial times, it has a sophisticated water supply system. Angkor’s supposed to have been occupied. Archaeology as archaeologists have discover in Petra monument that could be dated to 2,150 years old. The new cities were found by firing lasers to the ground from a helicopter to produce extremely detailed maps of its surface.

Evans said new scanners had also identified large numbers of mysterious geometric objects like earthen embankments, these may have been gardens. As Experts in the archaeological world agree these are the new archaeological discoveries of recent years. Michael Coe, of anthropology at Yale University said its one of world’s pre-eminent sites at Angkor in Cambodia it specialises on civilisation. “I think that these airborne laser discoveries may mark the greatest advances into the past 50 or 100 years in universal history. Angkorian civilisation,” he said from Long Island in the US.

“I saw Angkor for the first time in 1954. Then I wondered at the magnificent temples, but there was nothing to tell us who had lived in the city, where they had lived and how such an amazing culture was supported. To a visitor, Angkor was nothing but temples and rice paddies.” Provided by this architecture in a forest in Cambodia Charles Higham, research professor at the University of Otago Zealand and the leading archaeologist of mainland south-east Asia. He said it was the most exciting papers he could recall reading. “I have been to all the sites described and at a stroke, they spring into life and it is as if a bright light has shone for us.This images illuminate the previous work that had a dark veil that covered these great sites.” Higham said. “Personally, it is wonderful to be alive. Now as these new discoveries are being made. Emotionally, I am stunned. Intellectually, I am stimulated.”

David Chandler, Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, the foremost expert on Cambodian history and the author of several books and articles on the subject, said the work was thrilling and credited. Evans and his colleagues with “rewriting history”. Chandler said he believed it would open up a series of perspectives as people know civilisation, come and eventually collapse. Related this is Why the new fossils have shed light on evolution of Flores, as ‘hobbits’“It will take time for their game-changing findings to drift out as guides, and published histories,” Chandler said. “But their success at putting hundreds of ordinary, nameless, people back into Cambodia’s past is a giant step for anyone and one for Cambodian history.”David Kyle, an archaeologist and ecological anthropologist has conducted a study of Phnom Kulen, the location of the biggest findings, there past and Mahendraparvata, is the size of Phnom Penh, beneath the forest floor he said. This has evolutionised our approaches. It’s excited us. It facilitates a paradigm shift in our comprehension of the complexity, size and the questions we can address.”

While the 2012 survey identified a sprawling, highly urbanised growth Angkor, including rather “spectacularly” in the “downtown” area of the temple-city of Angkor Wat, the 2015 project has revealed a similar pattern of equally intense urbanised to the remote archaeological both in pre- and post-Angkorian sites. Graphic of lidar images as Dr Peter Sharrock, who is on the south-east Asian board at London University’s School of Oriental and African Studies and has a decades-long connection to Cambodia, said the findings showed “clear data for the first time of dense populations settled in and around all ancient Khmer temples”. “This urban and rural landscape, linked by road and canal networks, now seems to have constituted the largest empire on earth in the 12th century.” Sharrock said Evans, whose domain is an air-conditioned room full of computers shows archaeological centre in Siem was Reap, rather dirt trenches we are modest about his achievements and quick to credit his colleagues on the Cali project. Ancient temples of Angkor Wat,  he believed the discoveries would completely upend many assumptions about the Khmer empire. He also hoped it would bring the study of people back into the picture. Coe, who has been to many of the places covered by the survey and has seen the imagery, said that while the 2012 survey of Kulen and Phnom

Technology could do – “it as could look through the dense jungle covering these hills and reveal an unexpected city which predated Angkor itself” – the 2015 survey took this into new dimensions. This view had begun Hendrickson, the director of the industries of Angkor project and assistant professor in this department from University of Illinois. This survey has been “an incredible leap forward” in archaeologists’ ability to see everything for the first time and had been “a major game-changer” in understanding how the Angkorian Khmer people who built, modified and lived in their cities. But he was “stunned” by the second survey. “The results for Preah Khan of Kompong Survay are truly remarkable and are arguably the jewel in the crown of this mission. The lidar shows us that there was much, much more,” Hendrickson said, referencing a full-blown community layout that was previously unknown. “It’s both humbling and exciting. There are so are its discoveries.” “We knew that Preah Khan of Kompong Svay was significant before the lidar – it’s the largest complex.

Angkorian period has connected to Angkor directly by a major fitted site with substance it had played a role in facilitating the iron supply to the capital. École Reap’s Siem Orient look at a map of the site. “The new results suggest that it may have been more important than many temples built in Angkor and that it had a decent-sized population supporting it.” Dr Martin Polkinghorne, a research fellow in the department of archaeology at Adelaide’s Flinders University who is conducting a joint research project on Longvek and Oudong, the post-Angkorian capitals, said his team would use the new scheduled until these cities were built. “The decline of Angkor is among the most significant events in the history of south-east Asia, but we do not have a precise date for the event,” Polkinghorne said. “By using lidar to guide excavations on the capitals of Cambodia that followed we can determine when the kings of Angkor moved south and clarify the end of Angkor.

Also are related are the drowned worlds they have been posted these are Egypt's lost cities. “Cambodia happened after that its understood in terms of loss, retreat and absence; A dark era in Cambodian history was lost as in Angkor. As South-east Asia was the hub of international trade between east and west. Using the lidar at Longvek and Oudong in combination with conventional archaeology we will reveal the dark age as equally rich, complex and diverse.” What is a lidar survey? An airborne laser scanner (ALS) is mounted to a helicopter skid pad. Flying with pre-guidelines, Its determined flight path and airspeed, the ALS pulses the terrain with more than 16 laser beams per square metre during flights. The time the laser pulse takes to return to the sensor determines the elevation of each individual data point. This data is downloaded and calibrated and creates a 3D model of the information captured during the flights. In order to negate tree foliage and man made obstacles from the data, any sudden and radical changes mapped out, with models of the thresholds in processing these data points. Once completed, its handed over to analysis teem, which can take months to process into maps. As middle east cross roads to the ancient open their gates to lost civilisations.

Formation of Earth.

Modern science divides the Earth development into four eras. As the earth was formed except the Pre-Cambrian as the rest is made up of these shorter periods. Early Planet Dinosaurs who lived during the Mesozoic era these  are made up of three periods known as the Triassic, Jurassic and the Creataceous.

As the planet first formed Early Earth.
It was a rock like mass finds its orbit within solar system outer part of the galaxy in the milky way the planet cools down. Atmosphere by meteorite Oceans develop as water cycle grow. Archaean 4.5-2.5 bya single cell animal seem to appear, as to feed in the now moving liquid oceans. Proterozoic 2.5 bya – 550 mya these were simple multicellular animals, such as trilobites feed of filtration. Cambrian 550-510 Mya these were important shelled animals such as trilobities these exo skeleton. Ordovician 510-438 mya these were fish endo skeleton along dorsal used gills create oxygen power. Pleozoic Era  550-250 mya earth been transformed into a habitable planet it was the start of the world.

Silurian 410-355 mya where had relative simple plants. Devonian 410-355 mya  amphibians wingless insects and ferns very common today.  Carboniferous from 355-290 mya conifers, reptiles and flying insects. Permian  290-250 mya sea reptiles and land eating reptiles. Mesozoic Era 250-65 Mya 

Mars Pavonis Mons Volcano

Martian Volcanic Vent East of Pavonis Mons this image shows an equatorial plane of the volcano active on the planet mars, here are images of the Vent East of Pavonis Mons . 

As a volcano vent is still open into the crust of a planet that emits lava (molten rock) and volcanic gases. The rough texture of the plains surrounding the vent is indicative of lava. There’s a large number of snake-like features emanating from the vent. The parallel lines that outline the features are levees, which mark the edges of channels that carried molten lava. As the lava flows, it moves slowest at its edges and bottom because the lava sticks to the non-flowing rocks, and as the lava slows, it cools off and hardens. Levees form when the sides harden but the center of the flow keeps moving. As the eruption episode ends, and the lava drains, the center is left lower than the sides producing these high-standing structures. follow the glaciation from path from surface Martian telemetry.

Mars is fundamentally a volcanic planet. Geologic mapping of Mars shows that about half the surface seems to be covered with volcanic materials. 
These have been modified to some extent by other processes (such as meteorite impacts, blowing wind, and floods of water). Mars has the largest volcanoes in the entire Solar System. The great volumes of erupted lava have had a profound impact on the entire planet, extracting heat and selected chemicals from within, adding large amounts of acidic gas to the atmosphere, and providing heat to melt frozen water in the crust. Mars cannot be understood without studying its volcanoes.

HiRISE provides the ideal tool to study some of the most puzzling aspects of Mars volcanism. 
One example is: what were the eruptions that formed the giant lava flows like? Did the lava ooze quietly out of the ground or did it come blasting up in massive explosions? Detailed pictures of the vents are essential for answering these questions. We know that lava flows on Earth are usually fed by fountains or lakes of lava. HiRISE has already found examples of ancient lava lakes on Mars, but the evidence for fountains is more difficult to find. But we are finding exciting hints of cinder cones on Mars. The pictures from other cameras have been too fuzzy to show these kinds of details. Another high priority is to image places where both lava and water have come gushing from the ground. These are places where microbes that might live in the deep, warm, wet parts of the crust could have been brought to the surface. Finding scientifically interesting spots that are safe to land future rovers is one of the primary goals for the MRO mission.

Automaker Motors.

As steam locomotives were first developed in Great Britain by James Watt and partner Mathew Boulton of 1784 and dominated transportation until early 20th century. They dominated railway transport until the middle of the 20th century. From the early 1900s they were gradually superseded by diesel and electric replacements needed hardly a driver in locomotives. History of the car then became the family addition. 5-8-1729 steam pumps in production but an earlier design shown here from a patient of 1606 was funded by Spanish monarchy. It been called the Beaumont, this shows how the piston hits the top releases a valve of cold water spray with counter balance. Almost perfect for a balloon enthusiast of today. What if just add water jet engine, use some spinning parallel plates this friction, coupled with a thermodynamic as point towards the probable onto life and pause to ponder its sludge or clean air as with a separator build-pulse-jet.
November 6-9,1900, the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland sponsored an electric vehicle endurance trial. Which the 4-wheel drive would win the Lohner-Porsche was one of eleven entrants-one of three entrants that Hart brought`to the starting line Chislehurst. The first-place winner of the trial was to Louis-Kreiger car dubbed the 'Powerful' as seen. Largely thanks to its lighter weight and larger diameter wheels. It achieved a first run of 59 miles at an average of about 10 miles per hour. 'The Toujours Contente' Suffered tire failures on its journey 34 miles with Porsche at the wheel. One competitor Stated, "there were inches of mud on the floors; rain came through the roof, the sheds were door-less and the cars and attendants were nightly exposed to the full force of wind and rain. "Other electric vehicle entrants managed only 7 miles distance through the muddy rutted course. Ferdinand Porsche caught a severe cold, contributing to the vehicle's elimination from further top competition.

As this car was too costly for popular consumption, the Lohner leveraged the evolutionary drive-train technology for there larger commercial vehicles. Lohner-Werke manufactured rear-drive double-decker buses for Berlin and front-drive fire engines for the cities of Vienna, Frankfurt, and London.

Lohner was commissioned to build vehicles for the Austrian emperor as well as the kings of Norway, Romania, and Sweden. According to a biography by Andreas Stieniczka, the funeral coach for Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo whose murder was the event which Sparked off World War I, was manufactured by Lohner-Werke. Over 300 Lohner-Porsche vehicles were sold through 1906. In Additions to Custom Coach-works, supported Lohner Porsche 'racing continued efforts. Several Austrian land speed records were set, with a top speed eventually and achieving 37 mph (60 km / h) with Porsche at the wheel. It was victorious in a number of motor-sport events including the Exelbert Rally in 1901. With both drive-train engineering excellence in Lohner's custom coaches and motor-sport experience, Porsche won the 1905 Potting Prize as Austria's most outstanding automotive engineer. In 1906 Porsche was snapped up by Daimler-Benz as chief designer. Jacob Lohner said at the time. 'He is very young, but is a man with a big career before him, as you will hear of him again. As he worked on Mercedes-Benz SK 1928-1932 as seen here. The carburetor was invented by an Italian, Luigi De Cristofori, in 1876 one of the vital components in this system.

The Volkswagen Beetle with its small air cooled engine won the accolade, car of the nineteenth century its design makes for a tough and most impenetrable little vehicle. The Lohner-Porsche's design was Studied by Boeing and NASA to create the Apollo program's Lunar Rover Apollo 15. Many of Its design principles were mirrored in the folding lunar Rover's design seen here, perfectly preserved. Wonder if the camera still works indeed they should need another chapter lol.

These series hybrid concept underpins many modern railway locomotives, and interest in series hybrid automobiles was growing rapidly as Ford model Y took Europe by storm from 1932 1937. Ford has been some what of a world organisation right from the beginning. Within months of the foundation of Ford Motor Company in Detroit on June 16, 1903, the first two Ford cars to reach Europe were being uncrated in London, where they went on show at the March 1904 Cordingley Automobile Show in the Agricultural Hall, Islington. They caught the eye of a young man named Aubrey Blakiston, who set-up a sales agency, ordered a dozen Model A Fords and took a lease on a showroom in Long Acre, London coach-building and center of the motor trade. Sales were slow - it took a year to sell those twelve cars - but the agency then adopted a corporate sales strategy. It took on a young "motor expert" named Percival Perry, who was to play a key role in the establishment of Ford into Europe Ford, pick up still a lovely designer motor work horse also other world manufactures focus on affordable, as there a host of early designer automotive brands, their well cute.

Those were the early days as in France - home of Europe's biggest motor industry - this seemed to be the best place from which to explore coordinated European Ford business and in fact one of the earliest sales of a Ford automobile was made ​​in 1904. There early sales started in 1908 in Paris Branch Company was set-up to supervise European sales, under an American named H.Baker White.
The Importance of his appointment was reflected in the size of the salary. A then-colossal $ 24,000, equivalent to around $1.5 million in modern terms are soon Manufacturing Operations were established. But the powerhouse of Ford's early European operations turned out to be Britain, where Percival Perry had taken over the sales agency and sales were booming following the launch of the competitively-priced gasoline  four-cylinder Model N in 1906 In 1909 in British branch company was set up under Perry's management and the strength of the market led to the opening in late October of 1911. Ford's first factory outside North America, at Trafford Park, Manchester. This a photo of a pneumatic air  driven motor bike. Air came first used by victor titan this aircraft flown 1879 Its designs are yet to be developed for planet Venus exploration use atoms create no exhaust reusable systems.
A couple of years later, started in assembly premises in Bordeaux, initially run by the leading french agent, but soon taken over by Ford Motor Company. During the First World War Perry, who had been appointed assistant controller of the UK government's Agricultural Machinery Department, persuaded Henry Ford to build a tractor plant (the first purpose-built Ford factory in the old world) not far from His Father's birthplace at Cork , Ireland.

The first Fordson Tractor left the assembly line on 3 July 1919 called Uniquely Tractor earlier american project dates to 1907 Plough developed 1915 as seen in this photo. Ford Ireland was a privately funded venture of the Ford family until 1920. As with new developments it is safe to assume that history has been largely determent by transportation. Christmas 6-12-1921 Anglo Irish Agreement left Ireland with three parliaments, later the Viceroy became a presidency. Cannon was supplied and by order to the Anglo Army of Ireland 1922 from Churchill. Then as he witnessed emergence of an Irish Free State Click Life-time's .

Henry grandson in October 1932 had Ferguson hand shake deal over TE-20 Ford Tractor. Although I like steam there are a few technological engines that will take humanity into the future, excited. Well change is inevitable as the reliance on free oil pools become diminished which have remained, largely unstudied as there viscosity, habitat's, effects and weights as invention could have allowed for a more pragmatic future. The guess this is, sorry as bare some scares unnecessary. So onto the Horizon dear god, well enough said.

Middle East Dilemma.

Gentlemen a chance for peace as here 'Syrian Concern' may be graphic as some content is displayed.
So when is enough ever enough as these shocking pictures of 55,000 deaths photographed by a Syrian military. Defector police showing emaciated corpses which investigators say are evidence of extreme torture by Assad 's regime . Photographs of the report as a leverage to bring a truce. These reports are being made ​​available to the United Nations, as governments and human rights groups. Just as peace talks are due to begin in Switzerland tomorrow to try to end the three -year bloody conflict a road from Damascus in Syria. Where eyes have been gouged out, electrocuted, strangled as a sickening dossier of 55,000 Torture pictures. Smuggled out of Syria's Assad has CIH which committed war crimes' one witnesses said he was tasked to record deaths in custody from 2011 to 2013. There are 55,000 photos which lawyers say are evidence of extreme Torture. Images used to provide death certificates without family seeing bodies. As an estimated 11,000 corpses are shown in the photos presented to united nations enquiry.
As leaked by military policeman, who photographed up to 50 bodies a day in this report. This has been made ​​by an ex- war crimes prosecutors who is deem as crucial witness 'credible' to this dossier of killed servants. Commissioned by British lawyers for Qatar which supports rebel cause. As military police photographer has smuggled out of Syria evidence of the torture and killing of 11,000 detainees. According to a report by three former war crimes prosecutors. The shocking images show emaciated corpses with strangulation neck marks, cuts, bruising and signs of electrocution. All evidence of extreme torture, investigators claim. Some victims limit no eyes. The 55,000 photos will ratchet up the pressure on 'President Bashar Al Assad' who the U.S. and its Western Allies - Pendahuluan the UK say has Committed war crimes against his own people.

Assad denies the claims, insisting he is fighting Terrorists. The 31 -page report - released by The Guardian and CNN - was commissioned by Carter - Ruck Solicitors in London.
On ownership of Qatar, a supporter of the Syrian Uprising. The dossier is being made ​​available to the United Nations, Governments and human rights groups. Just as 'peace talks are due to begin in Switzerland 23-1-2014' to try to end the three -year conflict. The defector 's evidence records of those deaths healed in custody from March 2011 until August 2013. The photos were smuggled out along with files detailing the victims data retained on memory sticks. Three lawyers, all former prosecutors at the criminal tribunals for the former 'Yugoslavia and Sierra Leone'. Examined the evidence and found the defector named Sonny, who goes by the name of Caesar, Component and Credible. According to the Guardian news paper he said his job was to take pictures of killed detainees.
Though he did not claim to have witnessed executions or torture. As graphic the defector 's evidence, which records deaths of those in custody from March 2011 until August 2013. These were smuggled out along with files detailing the victims on memory sticks, it includes a dossier of evidence. These photos will ratchet up the pressure on 'President Bashar Al Assad'  Western Allies - Pendahuluan the UK - say presidential forces has committed genocides known as war crimes. Allegations against his own people said the photographs allowed a death certificate to be produced without requiring families to view the bodies and also confirmed limit orders on execution that's been carried out. The report claimed there could be as many as 50 bodies a day to a photograph which would require 15 to 30 hours of work per corpse,  as he told an enquiry team .

The photographs allowed death certificates to be produced without requiring families to view bodies and also confined limit orders on execution that's had been carried out he claimed .

Families of the dead were told cause of death was 'either a heart attack or breathing problems'. The enquiry team said it was satisfied there was clear evidence, capable of being believed by a tribunal of fact in a court of law. Pointing towards 'systematic torture and detained killing' of persons known as the agents of the Syrian government. Horrific mutilation the enquiry team said it was satisfied there was clear evidence, capable of being believed by a tribunal as fact in a court of law. War crime systematic torture and killing of persons detained by the Syrian government' Documenting death caesar said his job was to take pictures of killed detainees. This evidence would ' support findings of crimes against humanity and also could support findings of war crimes. Caesar's path to defection began in September 2011.

Around seven months after the conflict broke out , When he was contacted by a relative who fled the country.The man limit - known as 'Caesar's View' was working for 'international human rights groups', according to the report. Caesar began sending him thousands of images, but soon became concerned for his own safety. So the Syrian opposition arranged for him and his family to be smuggled out of the country. Their location has not been revealed, with the lawyers their only saying Sonny investigation conducted in the Middle East. It is also not clear how the Qatari regime came to be Involved in the publication of the report. Qatar has carved an Influential role in Syria by being quick to help the rebels and  later helping set up the coalition a year ago. With the aim of creating a credible alternative to Assad as humanitarians strive for peace so infrastructure can be repair to this onslaught known as the 'Syrian Crises'.

Sectors Italy Mapped.

A labyrinth of subterranean passages that date back to the founding of Rome are being mapped to predict which modern buildings could be at risk of suddenly disappearing into a Roman quarry system.
While this may seem unlikely, a staggering 83 structures have already collapsed due to the underground network of passages this year alone, ranging from buildings to streets. A labyrinth of passages (pictured) that date back to the founding of Rome are being mapped to predict which modern buildings are at risk of suddenly disappearing into a Roman quarry system. A team of geologists from George Mason University, Washington and the Centre for Speleoarchaeological Research, Sotterranei di Roma, are exploring the underground network to produce a detailed map that can be used to assess areas of the city that are most at risk. Geologist Giuseppina Kysar Mattietti from the university told true history, that the mapping activity is critical as over the years locals have been patching up holes that have suddenly appeared.The geoscientists are using 3D laser scanning to look for weaknesses in known tunnels, before entering them through manholes to map the network, once they know they are safe.‘There might be cracks, so they will be showing as veins almost, or openings, so we map the openings and map any kind of detachment,’ she said. The team has come across weakened ceilings as well as blockages and collapses that are alarmingly close to street level.

This map shows the expansion of Rome (from its centre marked as 1) over the ancient quarry system, which is most comprehensive in the south east of the city, where dark green lines can be seen. For the mapping procedure geoscientists are using 3D laser scanning to look for weaknesses in known tunnels.
Any cracks show up as 'veins' or openings on the scanning results. Labyrinth of ancient Roman tunnels is mapped to stop ‘Italy's capital collapsing into an underground void’. Geologists from George Mason University, Washington and the Centre for Speleoarchaeological Research in Rome are exploring the Roman network. Starting in the south east of the city, they are producing a detailed map of the quarries that will be used to assess areas of Rome that are most at risk. The narrow tunnel-like quarries were dug by the Romans so they could use volcanic rock to build the city but the channels have since been widened. While tourists might be preoccupied with snapping Roman landmarks in Italy’s capital city, beneath the streets geologists are documenting equally ancient tunnels. If a tunnel is found to be safe, the geologists enter it through manholes. They can then explore the tunnel and extend their map of the underground network. The tunnels were originally created to provide building material for the rapidly growing city. Rome is built on volcanic rock which is strong but easy to carve and was therefore of interest to Roman builders and architects, who also made use of less compacted volcanic material to produce mortar for their buildings.

The first Romans dug into the rock outside the city but as Rome grew to fill the areas previously used as quarries, they knew they could still use the tunnels for rock, providing they kept them narrow so buildings above ground could still be supported, Dr Mattietti explained.However, over time, weathering and humans have widened the tunnels – the latter by taking more rock from the tunnels for new buildings. Here, people stand on a Roman street, which is over 15 ft (5m) below modern street level and was built in the second century AD. Dr Mattietti described underground ancient Rome as 'a double reality' Holes are opening up all over the city of Rome and weathering plus humans widening the tunnel-like quarries have been blamed. This one is collapsed. Some locals have taken the repair of such holes into their own hands. The tunnels have also been exploited for mushroom farming, ad-hoc sewer systems, catacombs and bomb shelters during World War II. Dr Mattietti said that quite a lot of ancient Rome that is now below street level that was not to start with and described the phenomenon as a 'double reality’. ‘It's interesting, because at times when you are down there, you can hear people on top,’ she said. The team, whose work so far has been presented at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, began the study in the south eastern area of Rome, which has most quarries.

Naval Obsolescence.

LE Emer frigate naval ship, which had stood down in 2013 after 35 years of service, has been sold at auction in Cork today for € 320,000 to a Nigerian businessman based in London.

Chief executive and managing director of Uniglobe Group, said he had got the LE Emer, stripped of its armaments, for a good price, but he was reluctant to say it was a bargain. "It was a good price - but I would have preferred to get her for € 200,000," he said rather happily. Speaking following the auction at the Carrigaline Court Hotel in Co Cork.
This is where he saw off two rival bidders after bidding rose quickly from an opening gambit of € 50,000, Mr Imobhio said he was impressed by the LE Emer when he first saw her at Naval Service HQ at nearby Haulbowline. "It's a beautiful boat. Navies are very meticulous organisations and they always keep their equipment well maintained, see rail cannons but there new tactic keep binoculars within the ranks, new top secret so don't tell did try for a keepsake like Jeanie very sorry.
Collected the LE Deirdre from the Cork Dockyard in 1978 propose built as interceptors, "Mr Doyle,"

As Mr Doyle said it was great to be there at her first day of service and here today to see the end of her in Irish service - it would be nice though to see one of these ships kept as a museum ship. "Probably the one that should have been kept was the LE Deirdre, since it was the very first naval vessel built in Cork, but she's gone too. saying to true history "I think one of the others built there should be kept as a museum ship as they are an important part of our maritime heritage.

As all frigates there well looked after for its age, but it's still 35 years old, so there are a few things that need to be done -. Plus there are a few issues of classification "Mr Imobhio said he plans to bring the LE Emer to London after upgrading work which he hopes to get done locally in Cork. Then he will decide what to do with the Irish ship, which was involved in the seizure of the IRA gun-running ship, the Marita Ann, in 1984. "It's always a pleasure to get a new boat, and this is an exceptionally big boat. it's not every day you come across a boat like this We are going to make some changes and decide from there what we are going to do with it - either use it privately or use it commercially.

'Commercially, new owner said  he could probably use it for protection in the Niger Delta off Nigeria, to provide security for oil companies'. Saying we are doing that kind of work today in that area, but not with equipment this big," said Mr Imobhio, who already owns seven other ships. Auctioneer said he was slightly disappointed with the price that the LE Emer made.One of five interested parties did not attend the auction and only three of the remaining four parties engaged in the bidding, but he wished the new owner well.
Auction house said 'I am a little bit disappointed - I had a slightly higher price in my mind in view of the level of interest, but it's all part of a good news its a new story She's being replaced by a new much larger ship; this was an older ship and time doesn't wait for anyone'. As true history exclaimed 'It was a long battle to retain these vessels for tourism, many parties were approach' with out avenging any interference to her sail. might have gained more realistic price with all its potential disclosed missions, achievements and with exposure.

Foot note the 1914-1918 world war contributed to the war of Independence in Ireland. As The Third Home Rule Act was placed on the statute books the 'Royal Assent' on 18 September 1914. However the operation of this Bill was suspended for the duration of the first world war. As conscripted Irish were ask to answer the call of duty. World war one wartime recruits from Ireland totalled in the records, 137,000 untrained solders were placed into the care of the British Army Ranks, many perished at Gallipoli, 1915 as others in the varied battles. The most famous battle became known as the battle of the Somme in France 60,000 causalities perished 20,000 on 1 July 1916 due to German machine guns and mustard gas. Contention was on average one British soldier out of every 3,000 of the troops were court marshaled and executed by firing squad during the war. Compared to the much higher rate, one out of every 600 from the Irish troops? With The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919 and consisted of 440 Articles setting out the terms for Germany's punishment. The treaty was greeted with shock and disbelief in Germany marketed among the varied nations. The German treaty included 100,000 soldiers, six battleships, no air-force 132 billion gold marks to be 'paid in reparations Posen, Polish corridor, Alsace-Lorraine, all colonies Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania granted autonomy' This remained unresolved as Kaliningrad surrounded Bialystok ect.
This flame lights for the loving memory of solders who perished and the 5000 who were court marshaled and executed by Britain during the grate first war. (1684-1922) From the Connaught Rangers, The Leinster Regiment, The Royal Dublin Fusiliers, The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, The Royal Irish Fusiliers, Royal Irish Regiment The Royal Irish Rifles, The Royal Munster Fusiliers. Total 250,000 men approximately served the British forces during the first world war. Rising began on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916 In O'Connell Street Dublin marked the beginning to 'Irish Independance' Although remained unpublished 'Winston Churchill' MP Manchester Dundee mounted pressure on Anglo Irish Army 1922. These pressures, benefits were enhanced by skirmishes in London of 1922. It cause the cannon to be fired onto high-four court 28-6-1922 Ireland. Known as the battle of Dublin ensued, this caused the most awful civil conflict Ireland ever endured brough about viceroy barrier governance by rule of lord. President De velara ended Ireland's Commonwealth membership as from 18 April 1949 as all oaths bound to allegiance. 22 May 1998 - In the referendum that's followed the 'Good Friday Agreement' The Republic of Ireland voted by over 94.39% nineteenth amendment to give up its territorial claim to ulster, Northern Ireland. The British-Irish Agreement Came into force on 2 December 1999. Leaves part of the Eamon de velara legacy still to be concluded upon.